Near-persons are persons with one or more deficits. A near-person, for example, may:

8. Lack the ability to evoke the moral emotions (e.g., respect) in other embodied minds (some criminals and many animals are not persons for this reason--but so are slaves and women in some communities, and, for Aristotle, non-Greeks)

7. Be unable to express long-term categorical interests entailing the welfare of oneself and others

6. Be crippled in ability to form publicly accessible accounts of one's prospective mental states

5. Lack the ability to teach others

4. Suffer impairments of one or more domain-general socially-learned means of communicative (one might have language in narrow sense but not be able to craft sentences into a narrative; or see pictures or hear notes but be unable to integrate them into autobiopictorial or autobiomusical whole),

3. Lack ability to form strong narrative connections among multi-year retrospective mental states (control limited to short temporal periods, in the range of hours or even seconds)

2. Lack second order representations

1. Lack ability to take non-branching first-person perspective and exercise control over one's mind.